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League of Nations - Wikipedia. The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Soci. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious Great Powers of WWI (France, the UK, Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the executive Council) to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed. However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them. During the Second Italo- Abyssinian War, when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents, Benito Mussolini responded that .
Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com. Public, post secondary educational institution providing training and certificate programs in areas of criminal and social justice, public safety and social services. DC Icons Cyborg Justice League Forever Evil Action Figure - DC Collectibles - Justice League - Action Figures - Upgrade your army for the next time the Justice League. Action Figures, Toys, Bobble Heads, Gifts, and Collectibles. Mint Condition Guaranteed, 90-Day Hassle Free Returns, Low Price Guarantee, Risk Free Shopping, Thousands. The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations
Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, and others. The onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 2. United Nations (UN) replaced it after the end of the Second World War and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League.
Origins. Kant argued for the establishment of a peaceful world community, not in a sense of a global government, but in the hope that each state would declare itself a free state that respects its citizens and welcomes foreign visitors as fellow rational beings, thus promoting peaceful society worldwide. This period also saw the development of international law, with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international Hague Conventions of 1. Harbaugh and Ronald E.
Powaski point out, Theodore Roosevelt was the first American President to call for an international league. The organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 2. IPU by 1. 91. 4. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help governments refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term .
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Together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. In Dickinson's 1. After the War he wrote of his . He felt that the secret diplomacy of the early twentieth century had brought about war and thus could write that, . It was called the League to Enforce Peace and was substantially based on the proposals of the Bryce Group. However, none of these early organisations envisioned a continuously functioning body; with the exception of the Fabian Society in England, they maintained a legalistic approach that would limit the international body to a court of justice. The Fabians were the first to argue for a .
By 1. 91. 6 in Britain, the leader of the Allies, and in neutral United States, long- range thinkers had begun to design a unified international organization to prevent future wars. Historian Peter Yearwood argues that when the new coalition government of David Lloyd George took power in December 1. Lloyd George was challenged by Wilson to state his position Regarding the postwar, he endorsed such an organization. Wilson himself Included in his Fourteen Points in January 1.
The causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. One proposed remedy was the creation of an international organisation whose aim was to prevent future war through disarmament, open diplomacy, international co- operation, restrictions on the right to wage war, and penalties that made war unattractive.
In London Balfour commissioned the first official report into the matter in early 1. Lord Robert Cecil. The British committee was finally appointed in February 1.
It was led by Walter Phillimore (and became known as the Phillimore Committee), but also included Eyre Crowe, William Tyrrell, and Cecil Hurst. The proposals were approved by the British government, and much of the commission's results were later incorporated into the Covenant of the League of Nations. House to draft a US plan which reflected Wilson's own idealistic views (first articulated in the Fourteen Points of January 1. Phillimore Commission. The outcome of House's work, and Wilson's own first draft, proposed the termination of .
Methods of compulsion against recalcitrant states would include severe measures, such as . Smuts' proposals included the creation of a Council of the great powers as permanent members and a non- permanent selection of the minor states. He also proposed the creation of a Mandate system for captured colonies of the Central Powers during the war.
Cecil focused on the administrative side, and proposed annual Council meetings and quadrennial meetings for the Assembly of all members. He also argued for a large and permanent secretariat to carry out the League's administrative duties. After lengthy negotiations between the delegates, the Hurst- Miller draft was finally produced as a basis for the Covenant. The final Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles. On 2. 8 June 1. 91. Covenant, including 3.
Triple Entente or joined it during the conflict. The League would be made up of a General Assembly (representing all member states), an Executive Council (with membership limited to major powers), and a permanent secretariat. Member states were expected to . Senate Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge wanted a League with the reservation that only Congress could take the U.
S. Lodge gained a majority of Senators. However Wilson refused to allow a compromise and the needed 2/3 majority was lacking. On 1 November 1. 92.
League was moved from London to Geneva, where the first General Assembly was held on 1. November 1. 92. 0. The League rejected adopting Esperanto as its working language. China and Japan wanted Esperanto but France was strongly opposed. In 1. 93. 9, a semi- official emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five- pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and five .
A bow at the top displayed the English name (. It also had two essential wings: the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organisation. In addition, there were a number of auxiliary agencies and commissions. Each organ's budget was allocated by the Assembly (the League was supported financially by its member states). Each body could deal with any matter within the sphere of competence of the League or affecting peace in the world. Particular questions or tasks might be referred to either. Unanimity was required for the decisions of both the Assembly and the Council, except in matters of procedure and some other specific cases such as the admission of new members.
This requirement was a reflection of the League's belief in the sovereignty of its component nations; the League sought solution by consent, not by dictation. However, in case of a dispute, the consent of the parties to the dispute was not required for unanimity. The Permanent Secretariat, established at the seat of the League at Geneva, comprised a body of experts in various spheres under the direction of the general secretary. Its principal sections were Political, Financial and Economics, Transit, Minorities and Administration (administering the Saar and Danzig), Mandates, Disarmament, Health, Social (Opium and Traffic in Women and Children), Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux, Legal, and Information.
The staff of the Secretariat was responsible for preparing the agenda for the Council and the Assembly and publishing reports of the meetings and other routine matters, effectively acting as the League's civil service. In 1. 93. 1 the staff numbered 7. In practice, the Assembly was the general directing force of League activities. The League Council acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members (Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan) and four non- permanent members that were elected by the Assembly for a three- year term.
The first non- permanent members were Belgium, Brazil, Greece, and Spain. The number of non- permanent members was first increased to six on 2. September 1. 92. 2 and to nine on 8 September 1. Werner Dankwort of Germany pushed for his country to join the League; joining in 1. Germany became the fifth permanent member of the Council.
Later, after Germany and Japan both left the League, the number of non- permanent seats was increased from nine to eleven, and the Soviet Union was made a permanent member giving the Council a total of fifteen members. In total, 1. 07 sessions were held between 1. These included the Disarmament Commission, the Health Organisation. The Council and the Assembly established its constitution. Its judges were elected by the Council and the Assembly, and its budget was provided by the latter. The Court was to hear and decide any international dispute which the parties concerned submitted to it. It might also give an advisory opinion on any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or the Assembly.
The Court was open to all the nations of the world under certain broad conditions. The International Labour Organisation was created in 1. Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. The ILO, although having the same members as the League and being subject to the budget control of the Assembly, was an autonomous organisation with its own Governing Body, its own General Conference and its own Secretariat.